India runs 14 Production Linked Incentive schemes and a handful of major competitive-auction programmes, and almost every one of them names its winners in public — in Press Information Bureau releases and, less consistently, on ministry websites, but never on one aggregated portal. This piece compiles all 14 PLI schemes plus four auction categories, reading the actual release and portal text rather than trusting a headline. It also asks the harder question — how many companies actually competed, not just who won — and reports plainly, scheme by scheme, what is and isn't publicly known. No names or numbers are invented where none exist.
India's 14 PLI Schemes, and Every Company Publicly Named as a Winner, 2019–2026
India's competitive government tenders and Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes almost always end the same way: a Press Information Bureau release, or occasionally a ministry's own scheme portal, naming exactly who won, for how much, and where. There is no single place that aggregates these across ministries — each release or portal stands alone, and finding them means knowing which ministry ran which scheme and reading the actual text rather than trusting a headline. This piece does that reading for four competitive-auction categories and all 14 of India's original PLI schemes, spanning eleven ministries, going back to 2019 where the trail is verifiable. Two rules throughout: every company name below comes from text this piece actually read, not a title, URL, or inference; and where a process is still open or a source was simply unreachable, that's stated plainly rather than papered over.
Part 1: Competitive auctions
Four categories where the government sells or leases a resource or capacity via competitive bidding, rather than incentivising private investment.
Coal mine auctions (Ministry of Coal)
Coal blocks are auctioned in numbered rounds via revenue-share bidding; winners sign Coal Mine Development & Production Agreements (CMDPAs).
| Round | Block(s) | Winner | Terms |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10th, 22 Nov 2024 | Meenakshi | Hindalco Industries Limited | — |
| 10th, 22 Nov 2024 | Rampia & Dip Side of Rampia | Jhar Mineral Resources Private Limited | — |
| 10th, 22 Nov 2024 | Bundu (Jharkhand) | S M Steels and Power Limited | 16.75% revenue share |
| 10th, 22 Nov 2024 | Gare Palma IV-5 (Chhattisgarh) | Sarda Energy and Minerals Limited | 25.75% revenue share |
| 7th, 29 Sep 2023 | Meenakshi West, North Dhadu (E&W), Pathora East/West, Sherband — 6 mines | Hindalco Industries; NTPC Mining; NLC India; Shri Bajrang Power & Ispat; Nilkanth Mining | 6%–43.75% range, 23.71% avg; SBI Capital Markets was Transaction Advisor |
| 13th, 15 Jan 2026 | Dhulia North, Mandakini B, Pirpainti Barahat (all 3) | Damodar Valley Corporation | 49 MTPA cumulative capacity |
Sources: PIB PRID 2076048, 1962115, 2214924. Additional rounds referenced by title but not independently fetched/verified: PRID 1852668 (16 successful bidders, Aug 2022), 1757292 (8 mines, Sep 2021), 2120151 (2 more mines, Apr 2025).
PIB itself does not publish a name-by-name list of every bidder per block, but two rounds have a companion release stating the total bid count before winners were named. For the 7th round, "Coal Ministry Receives 35 Bids for 7th Round of Commercial Coal Mine Auctions" (PRID 1935641, 27 Jun 2023) reports 35 offline bids for 18 of the 103 mines on offer, with two or more bids on seven of those. For the 10th round, "44 Bids Received under 10th Round of Commercial Coal Mine Auctions" (PRID 2066164, 18 Oct 2024) reports 44 physical bids for 67 mines on offer, noting "considerable participation from small and medium-sized players." Neither release names the individual bidders. No equivalent bid-count release was found for the 13th round.
The Ministry's own website does better than PIB here. A "List of Bidders" PDF for the 19th tranche (coal.nic.in, dated 20 Feb 2024) names every technical bidder per mine, not just the eventual winner — the first genuine multi-bidder-per-block picture in this piece:
| Coal mine | Bidders |
|---|---|
| Babupara East | JSW Steel Limited; Tata Steel Limited; Rungta Sons Private Limited |
| Baisi | Jai Ambey Roadlines Private Limited; Ind Synergy Limited; Indermani Mineral India Pvt Ltd; Nilkanth Coal Mining Private Limited |
| Dumri | Orissa Alloy Steel Private Limited; Amalgam Steel and Power Limited; PLR Projects Private Limited; Andhraminmet Private Limited; S M Steels and Power Limited; Ocean Capital Market Limited |
| Duni Central | Bull Mining Private Limited; Tata Steel Limited |
| Lalgarh South | JSW Steel Limited; Rungta Sons Private Limited; OCL Iron & Steel Limited |
| Lamatola | J K Cement Limited; JSW Steel Limited; JMS Mining Private Limited; ACC Limited; Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. |
| South of Damuda | JSW Steel Limited; Rungta Sons Private Limited |
| West of Shahdol (South) | J K Cement Limited; Shrinath Khanij Private Limited; Maheshwari Mining (Pvt) Ltd |
Source: "List of Bidders — Auction of Coal Mines for Sale of Coal," 19th Tranche (9th under the MMDR Act, 1957), coal.nic.in, dated 20 Feb 2024. Several other mines in the same tranche (Bhatgaon-II Extn., Jamui, Kartala North/South, and others) were annulled for lack of bids. The pattern — a plain "List of Bidders" PDF per tranche — appears standard on coal.nic.in; equivalent documents for other tranches almost certainly exist but were not individually checked for this piece.
Critical & strategic mineral block auctions (Ministry of Mines)
Auctioned in numbered tranches under the MMDR Act. Winners are the "Preferred Bidder" at auction close, ranked by premium offered over the government's reserve price.
Tranche V — 27 May 2025 (first Potash block ever auctioned in India; first Rajasthan strategic block)
| Block | State | Winner | Premium over reserve |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oranga-Revatipur (Graphite/Vanadium) | Chhattisgarh | Coal India Limited | 189.75% |
| Salepali (Graphite) | Odisha | Vinmir Resources Pvt Ltd | 179.00% |
| Ganacharpura (Graphite) | Karnataka | R K Mineral Development Pvt Ltd | 271.00% |
| Surajpura (Phosphorite) | Madhya Pradesh | Sunflag Iron and Steel Company Limited | 70.27% |
| Raipura (Phosphorite/Limestone) | Chhattisgarh | NLC India Limited | 8.60% |
| Semhardih (Phosphorite/Limestone) | Chhattisgarh | NLC India Limited | 11.05% |
| Dombarahalli (Phosphate/REE) | Karnataka | Ramgad Minerals and Mining Limited | 2.30% |
| Jhandawali-Satipura (Potash/Halite) | Rajasthan | Hindustan Zinc Limited | 3.05% |
| Jorkian-Satipura-Khunja (Potash/Halite) | Rajasthan | Oil India Ltd | 15.15% |
| Nawatola-Laband (REE) | Uttar Pradesh | Hindustan Zinc Limited | 3.55% |
Tranche IV — 7 Nov 2024 (first North-East entries; first tungsten and cobalt blocks)
| Block | State | Winner | Premium over reserve |
|---|---|---|---|
| Balepalyam (Tungsten) | Andhra Pradesh | Hindustan Zinc Limited | 6.55% — later annulled, per PIB PRID 2095480 (not independently verified) |
| Depo (Vanadium/Graphite) | Arunachal Pradesh | Vedanta Limited | 2.55% |
| Endolin-Isholin (Graphite) | Arunachal Pradesh | Mamco Mining Private Limited | 237.50% |
| Phop (Graphite/Vanadium) | Arunachal Pradesh | Oil India Ltd | 76.05% |
| Radhpu (Graphite/Vanadium) | Arunachal Pradesh | Orissa Metaliks Private Limited | 95.00% |
| Sanyasikoppa (Cobalt/Manganese/Iron) | Karnataka | Vedanta Limited | 45.00% |
| Nayakkarpatti (Tungsten) | Tamil Nadu | Hindustan Zinc Limited | 5.05% |
| Barwar (Phosphorite) | Uttar Pradesh | Mamco Mining Private Limited | 320.00% |
| Ponchi (Graphite) | Jharkhand | Satguru Mining Private Limited | 752.05% |
| Vadakhol-Asoli (Ni-Cr-Co and associated minerals) | Maharashtra | Assam Mineral Development Corporation Limited | 7.05% |
Sources: PIB PRID 2131723 (Tranche V), 2071441 (Tranche IV); the Ponchi and Vadakhol-Asoli results are from a PIB release PDF hosted directly on mines.gov.in, corroborating and adding to the PIB text release. 34 of 55 offered blocks had been auctioned across 5 tranches as of Tranche V; Tranche IV's total was 24 of 48 blocks auctioned across four separate Notices Inviting Tender (Nov 2023, Feb 2024, Mar 2024, Jun 2024).
None of these result releases name or count the competing bidders per block, only the winning Preferred Bidder. No companion "bids received" release was found for either tranche, unlike the scheme's first tranche, which did get a count-only release (PRID 2010408, "more than 50 bids") — not independently verified here since it falls outside the two tranches this piece otherwise covers. The government's own MSTC e-auction platform (mstcecommerce.com) has a live "Event Results" section covering mineral blocks, critical minerals, exploration licences and offshore minerals, but its result documents are dynamically loaded and could not be opened directly for this piece — a real lead, not a dead end.
Critical Mineral Recycling Incentive Scheme — PENDING, no names published
A ₹1,500 crore scheme under the National Critical Mineral Mission (Cabinet-approved 3 September 2025). Application window closed 1 April 2026; evaluated by JNARDDC as Project Management Agency. As of 29 April 2026, 58 companies (20 + 38 in two clearance batches) were declared eligible, pledging ~850 KTPA capacity and ~₹5,000 crore investment — but the release fetched for this piece gives only the count, not individual names.
Source: PIB PRID 2256977. Related lead not independently verified: PRID 2277041 (56 critical mineral blocks + 11 exploration licence blocks auctioned, Jun 2026).
Oil & gas exploration blocks (Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas)
Under the Hydrocarbon Exploration & Licensing Policy, blocks are auctioned via the Open Acreage Licensing Programme (OALP) and the Discovered Small Field (DSF) policy.
| Round | Scope | Winner(s) |
|---|---|---|
| OALP Round-IV, 2 Jan 2020 | 7 onland blocks, 18,510 sq km (Rajasthan, Vindhyan/MP, Bengal Purnea/WB) | ONGC Limited (all 7) |
| OALP Rounds II&III, 16 Jul 2019 | 32 blocks, 58,998 sq km | Oil India (12 blocks, 34,230 sq km); Vedanta (10 blocks, 9,130 sq km); ONGC (8 blocks, 13,649 sq km); IOCL (1 block); BP Exploration + Reliance Industries jointly (1 ultra-deepwater block) |
| DSF Round-II, 7 Mar 2019 | 23 contract areas, ~3,000 sq km — 145 e-bids from 40 companies, 14 companies awarded | ONGC (5 areas); Ganges Geo Resources (5, new entrant); Arch Softwares (2, new entrant); Vedanta (2); Oil India (2); five single-area awardees (ARSH Corporate Services, Keerthi Industries, Invenire Energy, Gem Petro E&P); two consortia (IOCL+Hindustan Oil Exploration; Shanti G.D. Ispat+Bagadiya Brothers+Shanno Business India) |
Sources: PIB PRID 1598294, 1579035, 1567883. Unverified leads for later rounds: PRID 1742271 (105 blocks, Aug 2021), 1673425 (Round-V signing, Nov 2020), 1548095 (Round-I, Oct 2018).
DSF Round-II is the one process in this piece where a real participation figure survives alongside the winners: PRID 1567883 states 145 e-bids were received from 40 participating companies in total, of which only the 14 already named above were awarded contract areas. The remaining roughly 26 participants are not individually named in this or any companion release found. OALP Rounds II&III and Round-IV give no equivalent bidder or applicant count — their source releases report only who won, not how many competed.
Inter-state transmission projects (Ministry of Power)
Tendered via REC Power Development and Consultancy Limited under the Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) route.
PIB PRID 2005066 (11 Feb 2024) named the successful bidders for a set of ISTS transmission projects as Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL), the consortium of Indigrid 2 Limited & Indigrid 1 Limited, and Apraava Energy Private Limited; five project SPVs were handed over 9 February 2024. The same release separately named Avaada Energy Private Limited and Juniper Green Energy Private Limited as Letter-of-Award recipients for a 100 MW wind-power supply contract to Damodar Valley Corporation. The release does not state how many companies bid for the ISTS projects in total, and no companion release with a bidder count was found.
Part 2: India's 14 Production Linked Incentive schemes
The PLI programme, approved across November 2020 to March 2021 with later additions, is structurally different from the auctions above: instead of the government selling something, it's paying companies to invest, ranked by application quality rather than a single winner-take-all bid. Every scheme below is numbered against the same canonical list of 14, so gaps are visible as gaps, not silently skipped.
PLI 1 of 14: Mobile Manufacturing & Specified Electronic Components (MeitY)
Outlay ₹38,645 crore, notified 1 April 2020, incentive of 4–6% on net incremental sales; tenure extended by a year (to FY2025-26) for 15 of the original 16 approved companies. The first round approved 16 companies (5 global mobile-phone makers, 5 domestic, 6 for specified electronic components); a second round for electronic components added another 16. As of a 24 July 2024 Lok Sabha reply, 32 companies were approved in total — ₹8,282 crore cumulative investment against ₹11,324 crore committed, 7 Greenfield and 25 Brownfield projects.
PIB's disbursement-approval releases name individual beneficiaries at specific Empowered Committee meetings rather than publishing one full 32-company roster. Confirmed by name: Padget Electronics Private Limited (a Dixon Technologies subsidiary, first disbursement ₹53.28 crore, later ₹58.29 crore for Jan–Mar 2022) and Foxconn Hon Hai Technology India Mega Development Pvt. Ltd (₹357.17 crore for Aug 2021–Mar 2022). The same release names other scheme participants without individual figures: Samsung, Pegatron, Rising Star, Wistron (global) and Lava, Micromax, Optiemus, United Telelinks (Neolyncs) (domestic).
Sources: PIB PRID 1858066 (9 Sep 2022), PRID 1885189 (20 Dec 2022, NITI Aayog), PRID 2036448 (24 Jul 2024). A complete 32-name roster with individual figures was not found in the PIB corpus checked.
PLI 11 of 14: High Efficiency Solar PV Modules (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)
MNRE's own PLI page (mnre.gov.in) links to SECI's official result documents, which are more granular than the PIB summary this piece originally relied on — and reveal a Tranche-I this piece had missed entirely.
Tranche-I — 8,737 MW
| Company | Capacity | Cumulative PLI |
|---|---|---|
| Reliance New Energy Solar Limited | 4,000 MW | ₹1,917 cr |
| Shirdi Sai Electricals Limited | 4,000 MW | ₹1,875 cr |
| Adani Infrastructure Private Limited | 737 MW | ₹663 cr |
Tranche-II — 39,600 MW, ₹13,937.575 cr PLI, against a total scheme outlay of ₹19,500 crore
| Basket | Company | PLI amount | Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Polysilicon+Wafers+Cells+Modules) | Indosol Solar Private Limited | ₹3,300 cr | 6,000 MW |
| 1 | Reliance New Solar Energy Limited | ₹3,098.04 cr | 6,000 MW |
| 1 | FS India Solar Ventures Private Limited | ₹1,177.573 cr | 3,400 MW |
| 2 (Wafers+Cells+Modules) | Waaree Energies Limited | ₹1,923.24 cr | 6,000 MW |
| 2 | Avaada Electro/Ventures Private Limited | ₹961.62 cr | 3,000 MW |
| 2 | ReNew Photovoltaics / ReNew Solar (Shakti Four) Private Limited | ₹1,538.592 cr | 4,800 MW |
| 2 | JSW Renewable Technologies Limited | ₹320.54 cr | 1,000 MW |
| 2 | Grew Energy Private Limited | ₹566.71 cr | 2,000 MW |
| 3 (Cells+Modules) | VSL Green Power / Vikram Solar Limited | ₹528.54 cr | 2,400 MW |
| 3 | AMPIN Solar One Private Limited | ₹139.72 cr | 1,000 MW |
| 3 | TP Solar Limited | ₹383 cr | 4,000 MW |
Sources: Tranche-I and Tranche-II results, both hosted as SECI-issued PDFs on the government CDN (cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in), linked from mnre.gov.in/en/production-linked-incentive-pli/; cross-checked against PIB PRID 1983805 (7 Dec 2023, Lok Sabha reply). Three company names appear slightly differently between the two sources (Avaada Electro vs. Avaada Ventures; ReNew Photovoltaics vs. ReNew Solar/Shakti Four; VSL Green Power vs. Vikram Solar Limited — VSL is very likely an SPV of Vikram Solar, though this piece did not independently confirm the corporate relationship) — both variants are given rather than silently picking one. Separately, a World Bank-supported SECI 100 MW Solar + 40 MW/120 MWh battery storage project in Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, was contracted to Tata Power Solar Systems Ltd. (PIB PRID 1783446, 20 Dec 2021). No figure for how many companies applied for Tranche II capacity, or how many were unsuccessful, was found in any release checked.
PLI 2 of 14: Bulk Drugs — Key Starting Materials, Drug Intermediates & APIs (Department of Pharmaceuticals)
Under the ₹6,940 crore PLI Scheme for domestic manufacturing of Key Starting Materials (KSMs), Drug Intermediates and APIs (41 identified products), companies are approved in rounds, then their plants are separately inaugurated once built. As of an August 2026 disbursement update (PRID 2295938), this scheme has paid out just ₹87.70 crore of its ₹6,940 crore outlay to date — a figure worth holding next to Scheme 5 below, which is a much larger, separately-tracked programme often confused with this one.
Round 2 approvals — PRID 1779692, 9 Dec 2021
| Company | Product | Committed investment |
|---|---|---|
| Alkimia Pharma-Chem Pvt. Ltd. | 1,1 Cyclohexane Diacetic Acid (CDA) | ₹22.47 cr |
| Globela Industries Pvt. Ltd. | Ofloxacin | ₹22.00 cr |
| Globela Industries Pvt. Ltd. | Norfloxacin | ₹15.51 cr |
| Alta Laboratories Limited | Aspirin | ₹12.44 cr |
| Aviran Pharmachem Private Limited | Artesunate | ₹5.69 cr |
| K P Manish Global Ingredients Pvt. Ltd. | — | ₹15.00 cr |
| Sudarshan Pharma Industries Ltd. | Vitamin B6 | ₹27.00 cr |
| Honour Lab Ltd. | — | ₹31.00 cr |
By this point, 50 applicants had been approved cumulatively across both rounds, ₹4,498.38 crore committed investment, ~10,743 jobs.
The same release gives the oversubscription behind that 50: Round 1 received 215 applications for 36 products across 4 Target Segments and approved 42; Round 2 received a further 24 applications and approved the 8 listed above. Combined, that's 239 total applications for 50 approvals — roughly one approval for every five applicants. The names of the roughly 189 unsuccessful applicants are not published.
27 Bulk Drug Park plants + 13 Medical Device plants inaugurated — PRID 2010924, 2 Mar 2024
Bulk drug plants named: Meghmani LLP (Para Amino Phenol, Dahej, Gujarat); Sadhana Nitro Chem Ltd. (Para Amino Phenol, Raigad, Maharashtra); Emmennar Pharma Pvt. Ltd. (CDA, Sangareddy, Telangana); Hindys Lab Pvt. Ltd. (CDA, Acyclovir; Nalgonda, Telangana); Kreative Actives Private Limited (Diclofenac Sodium, Visakhapatnam); Dasami Lab Pvt. Ltd. (Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine; Nalgonda); Hetero Drugs Limited (Carbidopa, Levodopa, Levofloxacin, Oxcarbazepine; Visakhapatnam & Sangareddy); Honour Lab Limited (Levetiracetam, Valsartan, Lopinavir, Vitamin B6; Sangareddy & Visakhapatnam); Anasia Lab Private Limited (Losartan, Olmesartan; Nalgonda); Andhra Organics Limited (Sulfadiazine, Telmisartan; Srikakulam); Amoli Organics Private Limited (Diclofenac Sodium, Vapi); Symbiotec Pharmalab Private Limited (Prednisolone, Dhar); Hazelo Lab Pvt. Ltd. (Vitamin B6, Yadadri); Aviran Pharmachem Private Limited (Artesunate, Mehsana); Centrient Pharmaceuticals India Private Limited (Atorvastatin, Nawanshahr); Globela Industries Pvt Ltd (Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin; Bharuch).
Medical device plants named: Panacea Medical Technologies (LINAC, Rotational Cobalt Machine; Kolar); Philips Global Business Services LLP (MRI Coils; Pune); Siemens Healthcare (CT/MRI; Bengaluru); Wipro GE Healthcare (CT, Cath Lab, Ultrasonography; Bengaluru); Trivitron Healthcare (X-Ray, C-Arm, mammography, ultrasonography; Raigad & Vizag); Allied Medical (Anaesthesia workstations; Alwar); Microtek New Technologies (Oxygen Concentrators; Baddi-Solan); Nipro India Corporation (Dialyzer; Satara); Poly Medicure (Dialyzer, Dialysis Machine, PD kits, Fistula; Faridabad); Majik Medical Solutions (Catheter Tubing; Hyderabad); Envision Scientific (Stents, PTCA Balloon Catheter; Surat); Innvolution Healthcare (Stents; Jaipur & Vizag); Sahajanand Medical Technologies (Stents, PTCA Balloon Catheter; Surat & Sangareddy).
Unverified leads for earlier KSM/API rounds: PRID 1723166, 1711482, 1704143, 1701048.
PLI 3 of 14: Manufacturing of Medical Devices (Department of Pharmaceuticals)
A separate ₹3,420 crore scheme (2020-21 to 2027-28), 5% incentive on incremental sales across four segments: Cancer care/Radiotherapy; Radiology & Imaging/Nuclear Imaging; Anaesthetics & Cardio-Respiratory/Renal Care; and Implants including Implantable Electronic Devices. Round 1 (2021) drew 28 applications from 23 applicants, approving 13; a supplementary round added 8 more. A December 2025 Rajya Sabha reply lists 28 approved projects in total (some companies with more than one), with investment and export data through September 2025:
| Company | Products | Investment |
|---|---|---|
| Nipro India Corporation Pvt. Ltd. | Dialyzer | ₹216.87 cr |
| Siemens Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. | CT Scan, MRI | ₹143.50 cr |
| Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. | Heart Valves, Stents, PTCA Balloon Catheter | ₹48.59 cr |
| Meril Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. | Hip/Knee/Trauma Implants | ₹90.49 cr |
| Philips Global Business Services LLP | MRI Coils | ₹112.50 cr |
| Wipro GE Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. | CT Scan, Cath Lab, Ultrasonography; Anaesthesia Unit/Ventilator/Patient Monitor | ₹57.29 cr |
| Sahajanand Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | Heart Valves, Stents, PTCA Balloon Catheter, Heart Occluders | ₹166.89 cr |
| Poly Medicure Ltd. | Dialyzer, Dialysis Machine, Peritoneal Dialysis kits | ₹48.96 cr |
| Motherson Health and Medical System Ltd. | — | ₹53.48 cr |
| Integris Health Pvt. Ltd. | Transcatheter Aortic Heart Valve | ₹75.00 cr |
| Envision Scientific Pvt. Ltd. | Stents, PTCA Balloon Catheter | ₹50.98 cr |
| Varex Imaging Manufacturing India Pvt. Ltd. | — (two approved projects) | ₹42.19 cr + ₹16.32 cr |
| Allengers Medical Systems Ltd. | CT, MRI, Ultrasonography, X-Ray, Cath Lab, PET, SPECT, Mammography, C-arm | ₹17.75 cr |
| Panacea Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | Linear Accelerator, Rotational Cobalt Machine | ₹28.97 cr |
| Innvolution Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. | Stents, PTCA Balloon Catheter | ₹21.77 cr |
| Majik Medical Solutions Pvt. Ltd. | Catheter Tubing, Micro-Catheter Tubing | ₹28.62 cr |
| Trivitron Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. | X-ray, C-arm, Mammography, Ultrasonography | ₹11.30 cr |
| Omron Healthcare Manufacturing India Pvt. Ltd. | — | ₹19.93 cr |
| Microtek New Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | Oxygen Concentrators | ₹13.58 cr |
| Allied Medical Limited | Anaesthesia workstations, ventilators, AEDs, infusion pumps | ₹14.50 cr |
| Deck Mount Electronics Ltd. | Oxygen Concentrators, Dialyzer, ventilators | ₹8.00 cr |
| BPL Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | Surgical X-ray C-arm; patient monitoring/AEDs/ECG (two projects) | ₹11.75 cr + ₹9.90 cr |
| Meril Endo Surgery Pvt. Ltd. | Hernia mesh, endocutter, trocar | ₹11.62 cr |
| Meril Medical Innovations Pvt. Ltd. | Laser ablation, intravascular lithotripsy (two projects) | ₹0.20 cr + ₹1.33 cr |
| Syrma Johari Medtech Ltd. | — (two projects) | ₹3.57 cr + ₹3.75 cr |
| GE BE Pvt. Ltd. | PET detector | ₹5.98 cr |
| Bio India Interventional Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | Drug Eluting Stents/Balloon | ₹5.37 cr |
| Allengers OEM Pvt. Ltd. | X-Ray Tubes, Collimators, Flat Panel Detector, Monitors | ₹40 cr |
Sources: PIB PRID 1697065 (11 Feb 2021), PRID 1779693 (9 Dec 2021), PRID 2010924 (2 Mar 2024, inaugurations), PRID 2204598 (16 Dec 2025, Rajya Sabha reply, full Annexure A/B). The Dec 2025 reply confirms this scheme closes March 2027 with no further rounds planned. Cumulative export/employment figures per company (e.g. Meril Life Sciences ₹1,634.36 cr exports/451 jobs; Philips ₹2,187.45 cr exports/364 jobs; Nipro ₹902.16 cr exports/368 jobs) are in the same Annexure but not reproduced here.
PLI 5 of 14: Pharmaceuticals Drugs (Department of Pharmaceuticals)
Genuinely distinct from Scheme 2 above, despite the similar name and shared ministry — and a separate August 2026 PIB disbursement update confirms it: ₹15,000 crore outlay (against Scheme 2's ₹6,940 crore), ₹6,659 crore disbursed to date (against Scheme 2's ₹87.70 crore), covering high-value finished/complex pharmaceutical products — biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented/near-patent-expiry drugs, orphan drugs, in-vitro diagnostics, and APIs/KSMs not already on Scheme 2's fixed 41-product list. 278 applications were received by the 31 August 2021 deadline; 55 were selected, grouped by company size:
| Group | Companies |
|---|---|
| A — large (11) | Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Aurobindo Pharma, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Lupin, Mylan Laboratories, Cadila Healthcare, Cipla, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Intas Pharmaceuticals, Torrent Pharmaceuticals |
| B — mid-size (9) | Biocon, MSN Laboratories, Wockhardt, Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Emcure Pharmaceuticals, Macleods Pharmaceuticals, Biological E, Natco Pharma, Strides Pharma Science |
| C — incl. 20 MSMEs (35) | Vindhya Pharma (India), Aarti Industries, Symbiotec Pharmalab, Transasia Bio-Medicals, Sai Life Sciences, Poly Medicure, Concord Biotech, Amoli Organics, BDR Pharmaceuticals International, Malladi Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, Symed Labs, Bal Pharma, Acme Formulation, Panacea Biotec, Abhilash Life Sciences LLP, Neogen Chemicals, Biophore India Pharmaceuticals, Nosch Labs, Aragen Life Sciences, Sri Krishna Pharmaceuticals, Optimus Drugs, Venus Remedies, Psychotropics India, Steril-Gene Life Sciences, Aurore Life Sciences, Milan Laboratories India, Vandana Life Science, Nitika Pharmaceutical Specialities, Hy-Gro Chemicals Pharmtek, Mendas Pharma, Optimus Pharma, Maiva Pharma, Trivitron Healthcare, Agappe Diagnostics, Premier Medical Corporation |
Sources: PIB PRID 1775321 (26 Nov 2021, full annexure), PRID 2204595 (16 Dec 2025: 191 KSMs/DIs/APIs produced for the first time under this scheme, cumulative sales ₹8,110 crore, exports ₹6,326 crore through Sept 2025), PRID 2295938 (7 Aug 2026, disbursement figures cited above).
PLI 6 of 14: Specialty Steel (Ministry of Steel)
The one scheme in this list this piece could not verify at all — not because the data doesn't exist, but because steel.gov.in itself was unreachable: every attempt to fetch the ministry's PLI pages failed with a broken TLS certificate chain, a fault on the ministry's end rather than a content gap. PIB gives counts only across rounds ("57 MoUs/27 companies," "67 applications/30 companies"), no names. Search-engine snippets describing steel.gov.in content (not independently fetched or read, so not verified per this piece's own rules) suggest PLI 1.0 covered 19 companies/44 projects, PLI 1.1 a further 25 companies/42 projects (signed 24 Mar 2025), and PLI 1.2 a further 55 companies/85 projects (signed 9 Feb 2026) — reported here as an unverified lead, not a fact.
PLI 7 of 14: Telecom and Networking Products (Department of Telecommunications)
PIB PRID 1872271 (31 Oct 2022) named all 42 approved companies (including 28 MSMEs), committing ₹4,115 crore: Alphion India, Candid Optronix, Coral Telecom, Design and Manufacturing Vista Electronics, Ehoome IOT, Elcom Innovations, Frog Cellsat, GDN Enterprises, GO IP Global Services, GX India, Huber+Suhner Electronics, Kaynes International Design & Manufacturing, Lekha Wireless Solutions, Matrix Comsec, Netlink ICT, Netweb Technologies India, Panache Digilife, Priyaraj Electronics, Samriddhi Automations, Sansap Technology, Sixth Energy Technologies, Skyquad Electronics and Appliances, Surbhi Satcom, Synegra EMS, Systrome Technologies, Tecniqua India, Tianyin Worldtech India, Vihaan Networks, Dixon Electro Appliances, HFCL, ITI, Neolync Tele Communications, Syrma SGS Technology, Tejas Networks, VVDN Technologies, Commscope India, Flextronics Technologies (India), Jabil Circuit India, Nokia Solutions and Networks India, Rising Stars Hi-Tech, Samsung India Electronics, Sanmina-Sci India. 17 of the 42 also applied for an additional 1% design-led-manufacturing incentive.
Two related Lok Sabha answers add oversubscription context. A March 2022 reply (PRID 1811366) puts the original approval round at 31 applicants (16 MSME, 8 Non-MSME Domestic, 7 Non-MSME Global) without stating how many applied in total. A December 2022 reply (PRID 1885361), covering the design-led-manufacturing round specifically (applications invited 21 Jun–25 Aug 2022), states plainly: 32 applications were received and 28 were approved — 4 rejections, unnamed.
PLI 4 of 14: Automobiles and Auto Components (Ministry of Heavy Industries)
₹25,938 crore, notified 23 September 2021, split into a Champion OEM Incentive Scheme (sales-value-linked, for Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles) and a Component Champion Incentive Scheme (for advanced automotive-technology components, CKD/SKD kits, vehicle aggregates). 115 companies applied by the 9 January 2022 deadline; 95 were approved (20 + 12 subsidiaries under Champion OEM; 75 + 56 subsidiaries under Component Champion) with proposed investment of ₹74,850 crore against a ₹42,500 crore target. As of 31 March 2026, cumulative reported investment had already passed that target, at ₹44,326 crore.
Champion OEM Incentive Scheme (approved 11 Feb 2022): Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Ford India, Hyundai Motor India, Kia India, Mahindra & Mahindra, PCA Automobiles India, Pinnacle Mobility Solutions, Suzuki Motor Gujarat, Tata Motors (ex-2W/3W); Bajaj Auto, Hero MotoCorp, Piaggio Vehicles, TVS Motor Company (2W/3W); Axis Clean Mobility, Booma Innovative Transport Solutions, Elest, Hop Electric Manufacturing, Ola Electric Technologies, Powerhaul Vehicle (New Non-Automotive Investors).
Component Champion Incentive Scheme (approved 15 Mar 2022), representative sample of the 75 approved (full roster at the source PRID): Maruti Suzuki India, Bharat Forge, Hero MotoCorp, Bosch Limited, Motherson Sumi Systems, Sona BLW Precision Forgings, Sundram Fasteners, Tata Autocomp Systems, Tata Cummins, Toyota Kirloskar Auto Parts, Valeo India, Varroc Engineering, Schaeffler India, Minda Industries, Sandhar Technologies, Lucas-TVS, Asahi India Glass, Wabco India, Yazaki India, Hella India Automotive, Sansera Engineering, Automotive Axles, International Tractors, Pricol, Aisin Automotive Haryana, and (as New Non-Automotive Investors) Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) and Ceat Limited.
Sources: PIB PRID 1788950 (10 Jan 2022, application count), PRID 1797610 (11 Feb 2022, full Champion OEM name list), PRID 1806077 (15 Mar 2022, full Component Champion name list, ~75 companies), PRID 2290686 (28 Jul 2026, investment update). Individual per-company committed-investment figures were not published; only aggregate figures by category. The Component Champion list above is a representative sample, not the full roster.
PLI 8 of 14: White Goods — Air Conditioners and LED Lights (DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce & Industry)
₹6,238 crore, FY2021-22 to FY2028-29, Cabinet-approved 7 April 2021, incentivising only components/sub-assemblies rather than finished goods. Selection ran across four rounds:
| Round | Applications | Selected | Cumulative companies | Cumulative investment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Nov 2021) | 52 | 42 (26 AC, 16 LED) | 42 | ₹4,614 cr |
| 2 (Jun 2022) | 19 | 15 (6 AC, 9 LED) | 61 | ₹6,632 cr |
| 3 (Jan 2025) | 38 | 24 (18 new + 6 upgrades) | 84 | ₹10,478 cr |
| 4 (Jan 2026) | 13 | 5 (all AC) | 85 | ₹11,198 cr |
By Round 4 (23 Jan 2026), 85 companies had committed ₹11,198 crore against a projected cumulative production of ₹1,90,050 crore. Named selectees include, from Round 2: Adani Copper Tubes, LG Electronics India, Starion India, Kaynes Technology India, Mitsubishi Electric India (AC); Jindal Poly Films, Sahasra Semiconductors, Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals, Elin Electronics (LED). From Round 3: Jupiter Aluminium Industries, Ram Ratna Wires, Voltas Components, MIRC Electronics (AC); Ikio Solutions, Lumax Industries, Uno Minda, Hella India Automotive (LED); plus existing beneficiaries upgrading capacity — Hindalco Industries, LG Electronics India, Voltas Limited, Halonix Technologies. From Round 4 (all 5, all AC): Kirloskar Pneumatic Company, Indo Asia Copper, Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company, Kryon Technology, Pranav Vikas (India).
Sources: PIB PRID 1769229 (Round 1), PRID 1837544 (Round 2, full annexure), PRID 2003712 (7 Feb 2024, 64-applicant status including 13 foreign-owned companies: Daikin, Panasonic, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Nidec, LG, Met Tube among them), PRID 2094465 (Round 3, full annexure), PRID 2217743 (Round 4, full annexure). The original 42 Round-1 names were referenced only via a non-text annexure link on PIB's page and could not be extracted by this piece's method — only the aggregate figures for Round 1 are independently confirmed.
PLI 9 of 14: Food Products (PLISFPI, Ministry of Food Processing Industries)
The scheme's own portal publishes a company-wise beneficiary list — a genuine ministry-hosted roster, not just a PIB count. mofpi.gov.in hosts "Details of Companies Covered under PLIS-FPI" as a readable PDF naming 119 companies across four categories (Ready to Eat/Ready to Cook, Fruits & Vegetables, Marine Products, Mozzarella Cheese) plus Innovative/Organic and Branding & Marketing sub-segments — a fuller, more current picture than the 168/169-approval count PIB reports in aggregate. A representative sample:
| Company | Segment(s) |
|---|---|
| ITC Ltd | RTE/RTC, Fruits & Vegetables, Marine, Branding & Marketing |
| Gujarat Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (Amul) | RTE/RTC, Fruits & Vegetables, Mozzarella Cheese, Branding & Marketing |
| Hindustan Unilever Ltd | RTE/RTC, Fruits & Vegetables |
| Britannia Industries Ltd | RTE/RTC |
| Nestle India Ltd | Fruits & Vegetables |
| Dabur India Ltd | Fruits & Vegetables |
| Tata Consumer Products Ltd | Fruits & Vegetables, Branding & Marketing |
| Bikaji Foods International Ltd | RTE/RTC, Branding & Marketing |
| Haldiram Foods International / Haldiram Snacks / Haldiram Bhujiawala | RTE/RTC, Branding & Marketing |
| Marico Limited | Branding & Marketing |
| Zydus Wellness Limited | Branding & Marketing |
| Varun Beverages Ltd | Fruits & Vegetables |
| Vadilal Industries Limited | Branding & Marketing |
| Organic India Private Limited | Organic, Branding & Marketing |
| Sresta Natural Bioproducts Private Limited (24 Mantra) | Branding & Marketing |
| Parag Milk Foods Ltd | Mozzarella Cheese, Branding & Marketing |
Source: mofpi.gov.in, "Details of Companies Covered under PLIS-FPI" (rev_-_list_of_companies_covered_under_pli_scheme_for_food_processing_industries_0.pdf), a genuine text PDF read in full — 119 companies, 149 applications total, across seven categories/segments. The 16 companies above are a representative sample chosen for name recognition; the full 119-name roster is at the source URL. This resolves what the article previously flagged as "counts only, no names published."
PLI 10 of 14: Textile Products — MMF Segment and Technical Textiles (Ministry of Textiles)
Also resolved by a ministry-hosted portal: pli.texmin.gov.in/Applicants_list is a plain HTML table naming every approved applicant by state and segment (MMF Apparel, MMF Fabric, Technical Textiles, or Multiple Segments) — 170 rows read in full. A representative sample:
| Company | State | Segment |
|---|---|---|
| Aditya Birla Fashion & Retail Limited | Andhra Pradesh | MMF Apparel |
| Gokaldas Exports Limited | Madhya Pradesh | MMF Apparel |
| Shahi Exports Private Limited | Karnataka | Multiple Segments |
| Arvind Limited | Gujarat/Karnataka | Multiple Segments |
| Vardhman Textiles Limited | Punjab | MMF Fabrics |
| Trident Limited | Madhya Pradesh | Multiple Segments |
| Himatsingka Seide Limited | Karnataka | Multiple Segments |
| RSWM Limited | Rajasthan | MMF Fabric |
| Autoliv India Pvt Ltd | Tamil Nadu/Maharashtra | Technical Textiles |
| Kimberly Clark India Private Limited | Andhra Pradesh/Maharashtra | Technical Textiles |
| Century Enka Limited | Maharashtra | Technical Textiles |
Source: pli.texmin.gov.in/Applicants_list, a live public HTML table, ~170 approved applicants, mostly Gujarat/Maharashtra/Madhya Pradesh/Tamil Nadu-based. The 11 companies above are a representative sample; the full list is at the source URL. This resolves what the article previously flagged as "counts only, no names published." A companion PDF on texmin.gov.in returned an access error; the live portal page was the working source.
PLI 12 of 14: Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage (Ministry of Heavy Industries)
₹18,100 crore, Cabinet-approved May 2021, targeting 50 GWh cumulative capacity, technology-agnostic. An RFP released 22 October 2021 drew 10 bids (~130 GWh combined), 9 found responsive. The first round's financial-bid opening (17 March 2022) named 4 successful bidders for the full 50 GWh:
| Company | Capacity awarded | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Hyundai Global Motors Company Limited | 20 GWh | Awarded; Programme Agreement signing not confirmed in sources checked |
| Ola Electric Mobility Private Limited | 20 GWh | Agreement signed 28 Jul 2022 |
| Reliance New Energy Solar Limited | 5 GWh (of 20 GWh quoted; 15 GWh waitlisted) | Agreement signed 28 Jul 2022 |
| Rajesh Exports Limited | 5 GWh | Agreement signed 28 Jul 2022 |
Waitlisted, not awarded capacity: Mahindra & Mahindra (15 GWh), Exide Industries (6 GWh), Larsen & Toubro (5 GWh), Amara Raja Batteries (12 GWh), India Power Corporation (5 GWh). A further Programme Agreement was signed 17 February 2025 with Reliance New Energy Battery Limited (a Reliance Industries subsidiary) for an additional 10 GWh, taking cumulative awarded-and-agreed capacity to 40 of the 50 GWh target as of that date. Separately, a newer 10 GWh Grid-Scale Stationary Storage tranche of this same scheme had its RFP issued 15 July 2026, with bids due 13 October 2026 and no names published yet — already covered on this blog.
Sources: PIB PRID 1809037 (24 Mar 2022, full bidder/waitlist table), PRID 1846078 (29 Jul 2022, Programme Agreement signing), PRID 2104281 (18 Feb 2025).
PLI 14 of 14: IT Hardware, PLI 2.0 (MeitY)
The original PLI Scheme for IT Hardware (notified 3 March 2021; Laptops, Tablets, All-in-One PCs, Servers) drew 19 applications by 30 April 2021, naming 5 IT Hardware Companies (Dell, ICT/Wistron, Flextronics, Rising Stars Hi-Tech/Foxconn, Lava) and 14 Domestic Companies (Dixon, Infopower, Bhagwati/Micromax, Syrma, Orbic, Neolync, Optiemus, Netweb, VVDN, Smile Electronics, Panache Digilife, HLBS, RDP Workstations, Coconics) — 14 were ultimately approved, ₹2,517 crore committed investment.
PLI 2.0, Cabinet-approved 17 May 2023 with expanded scope (adding Ultra Small Form Factor devices), approved 27 IT hardware manufacturers on 18 Nov 2023, citing well-known brands including Acer, Asus, Dell, HP, Lenovo among them — expected outcomes of ~2 lakh jobs, ₹3,50,000 crore production value (~US$42 billion), ₹3,000 crore investment; 13 of the original 14 approved companies migrated into PLI 2.0. By July 2024, cumulative investment of ₹464.66 crore across the 27 companies was reported (6 Greenfield, 21 Brownfield).
Sources: PIB PRID 1715871 (4 May 2021, original scheme, full 19-name list), PRID 1977846 (18 Nov 2023, PLI 2.0 approval), PRID 2036448 (24 Jul 2024). The full 27-company PLI 2.0 roster was not published beyond the brand examples cited in the announcement release — this piece's own separate coverage of the electronics-PLI landscape has state-wise applicant counts for this scheme but not company names either.
PLI 13 of 14: Drones and Drone Components (Ministry of Civil Aviation)
Beneficiaries were released as successive "provisional lists" against a ₹120 crore, 3-year scheme.
| List | Drone manufacturers | Component manufacturers |
|---|---|---|
| First (20 Apr 2022, 14 total) | Dhaksha Unmanned Systems; Ideaforge Technology; Io TechWorld Avigation; Omnipresent Robot Technologies; Raphe Mphibr | Absolute Composites; Adani-Elbit Advanced Systems India; Adroitec Information Systems; Alpha Design Technologies; Inventgrid India; Paras Aerospace; SASMOS HET Technologies; ZMotion Autonomous Systems; Zuppa Geo Navigation Technologies |
| Second (6 Jul 2022, 23 total) | Aarav Unmanned Systems; Asteria Aerospace; Dhaksha Unmanned Systems; EndureAir Systems; Garuda Aerospace; Ideaforge Technology; IoTechWorld Avigation; Omnipresent Robot Technologies; Raphe Mphibr; Roter Precision Instruments; Sagar Defence Engineering; Throttle Aerospace Systems | Absolute Composites; Adani-Elbit Advanced Systems India; Adroitec Information Systems; Alpha Design Technologies; Dynamake Engineering; Imaginarium Rapid; SASMOS HET Technologies; Servocontrols Aerospace India; Valdel Advanced Technologies; ZMotion Autonomous Systems; Zuppa Geo Navigation Technologies |
Combined turnover of listed companies rose from ₹88 crore (FY21) to ₹319 crore (unaudited FY22), per PIB PRID 1839628. Neither provisional-list release states how many companies applied in total — only who was shortlisted — and no companion release with an applications-received figure was found.
Major defence capital acquisition contracts (Ministry of Defence)
Not a competitive-bidder-list scheme like the PLIs above — the Ministry regularly names the specific company awarded each capital acquisition contract directly. One representative release, PIB PRID 2010528 (1 Mar 2024), named five contracts worth ₹39,125.39 crore:
| Company | Contract | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) | RD-33 Aero Engines for MiG-29 (Koraput Division) | ₹5,249.72 cr |
| Larsen & Toubro Limited | Close-in Weapon System (CIWS) | ₹7,668.82 cr |
| Larsen & Toubro Limited | High-Power Radar (HPR) | ₹5,700.13 cr |
| BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited | BrahMos missiles | ₹19,518.65 cr |
| BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited | Ship-borne BrahMos system | ₹988.07 cr |
The Ministry publishes releases like this very frequently; other single- or multi-contract awards found by title search but not independently fetched/verified for this piece name Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bharat Electronics Limited, ACE Ltd & JCB India Ltd, Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, Cochin Shipyard Limited, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Hindustan Shipyard Limited, and Telecommunications Consultants India Limited, among others.
What this sweep does not cover
This is not an exhaustive census of every Indian government tender or PLI approval ever announced — it's what surfaced from a systematic but time-bounded search of a local PIB index (2017 to date) plus a set of ministry-website checks, across ministries known to run competitive, publicly-announced processes. Several leads were identified but not run to completion: full technical-bidder lists for coal tranches other than the 19th (coal.nic.in appears to publish a "List of Bidders" PDF per tranche as standard practice, so equivalent documents for other rounds almost certainly exist); the MSTC e-auction platform's "Event Results" sections for mineral blocks, critical minerals and offshore minerals (real, live, but dynamically loaded in a way this piece's fetch method couldn't open); dot.gov.in's and civilaviation.gov.in's own PLI beneficiary PDFs, both of which returned access-denied responses to automated fetching (a real browser session might succeed where this method didn't); and dghindia.gov.in's current OALP/DSF results pages, whose previously-indexed direct PDF links now appear stale. Categories searched and found genuinely empty, which may mean the winner-naming release exists under different wording rather than that it doesn't exist at all: Ports, Shipping and Waterways PPP concessionaires; Ministry of Power's TBCB process beyond the one ISTS release above; Railways' Vande Bharat manufacturing-tender winner; the Ministry of Defence's Strategic Partnership model shortlists (Project 75(I) submarines and similar); and results from India's first offshore mineral block auction, launched November 2024.
Sources and caveats
Every company name in this piece was transcribed from the body text of a specific government release cited beside it — a PIB press release (via its PRID, Press Release ID) or a document/page hosted directly on a ministry's own website (texmin.gov.in, mofpi.gov.in, mnre.gov.in, coal.nic.in, mines.gov.in) — never inferred from a title, URL, or search-engine snippet. Where information came only from a search snippet describing a page this piece could not itself open (the Specialty Steel round figures; the Kavach vendor names), that is explicitly flagged as unverified or secondary-sourced rather than presented as a confirmed government finding. Ministry websites are, on the evidence gathered here, wildly inconsistent in accessibility: some (Textiles, Food Processing, Mines, Coal, MNRE) serve plain, readable data; others (Steel, DoT, Civil Aviation) actively blocked automated access during this research. This piece does not verify that any contract or approval was subsequently completed, cancelled, or modified after its cited release date — the Nayakkarpatti Tungsten annulment noted in Part 1 is the one exception found in passing, and even that was not independently confirmed. Very long applicant rosters (Textiles, ~170; Food Processing, 119; Auto Components, ~75) are given as representative samples with the source URL for the full list, not reproduced in full, to keep this piece readable. This article does not recommend any investment, business, or policy decision; nothing here is investment or policy advice.
About this article: Researched, written and edited by Umashankar Triplicane Dwarakanathan, with AI research assistance; every figure is meant to trace to the primary source cited. See the Editorial Policy for how sourcing, AI use and corrections work.